Two Years Into COVID-19, the City That Never Sleeps Returns to Waking Up Early

Two Years Into COVID-19, the City That Never Sleeps Returns to Waking Up Early

In 2020, our study showed that lockdowns from COVID-19 significantly increased electricity use in New York City apartments. How has that energy balance changed now that we’ve moved into a “new normal”? Our latest results suggest power usage at home is still higher than before the pandemic — probably due to sustained work-from-home arrangements — but that New Yorkers have shifted back into an early morning routine.

Daily patterns of apartment electricity load at different times of day show a sustained elevation of consumption during working hours, with a maximum elevation of 26% observed in 2020. However, early morning “wake up time,” after shifting to a full hour later in 2020, has since reverted to 2019 behavior.

Our findings are based on our Multifamily Residential Electricity Dataset (MFRED), a publicly available database that tracks power usage in 390 apartments in Manhattan. MFRED tracks not only how much electricity us used, but also for what kind of uses (e.g., space heaters vs. electronics).

COVID effects on household electricity consumption differ for different times of day and year. In this analysis, we have specifically looked at daily patterns in consumption on weekdays between April 1 and 28 in 2019 (as a pre-COVID baseline), 2020 (right after the lockdown started in Manhattan), 2021, and 2022. We chose the month of April for this analysis because, in a shoulder season, the impacts of varying weather on electricity use are minimized, thus more clearly revealing the effects we were interested in.

Even as early as April 2020, just weeks after the lockdown went into effect in Manhattan, we observed a 50% increase in the number of apartments that appeared vacant based on their consumption pattern. This reflects the fact that, early in the pandemic, many people fortunate enough to be able to leave their apartment in Manhattan did just that. To correct for this effect in the subsequent analyses, we removed vacant apartments from our analysis (9% of apartments in 2019, 15% in 2020, and 12% and 9% in 2021 and 2022, respectively).

Next, we isolated any general trends in electricity consumption that were not related to COVID. For example, at 10pm — when most people would be home irrespective of stay-at-home orders but often still awake to use lights — we observed a small but systematic drop in energy usage from 2019 to 2022 of, on average, 17 watts per year (3.7% of the 2019 baseline). This downward trend may be related to changes in energy efficiency: if every apartment every year were to replace just one of their incandescent light bulbs with an LED one, for example, this would result in the energy savings we observed. In the case of the specific apartments in our dataset, some of the downward trend may indeed be due to deliberate interventions: As part of our US Department of Energy-funded research…